Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Many different terms for children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been introduced and used. These terms have been primarily influenced by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are synonyms. Even though ADHD includes the term hyperactivity, they are classified as the same disorder. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the term currently used by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) for the diagnostic criteria for this disorder. Attention Deficit Disorder, is an older term from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. Current standards no longer use the term Attention Deficit Disoder (ADD). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is characterized by a set of symptoms that persist over a long period of time and which are consistent, constant and persistent. A person with ADHD might have some of the following symptoms:

Inattentive

- easily distracted

-inability to focus

-lack of attention

-have a hard time paying attention to details

-tendency to make careless mistakes

-messy work

-trouble staying on topic while talking

-not listening to others

-not following social rules

-difficulty getting along with others

-talk too much

-forget daily activities/routines (ie. miss appointments, forget lunch)

-procrastinate

-move frequently from one uncompleted task to another

-daydream a lot

-forget or lose things

-problems with organization

-poor performance in school/work

Hyperactive

-fidget or squirm when seated

-get up frequently to walk/run around

-run/climb when it's not appropriate

-have trouble playing quietly

-always "on the go"

-talk excessively

Toddlers and preschoolers with ADHD tend to be constantly in motion, jumping on furniture and having trouble participating in group activities that require them to sit still.

Impulsive

-act without thinking

-having a hard time waiting to talk/react

-blurt out answers before someone finishes the question

-interrupt or intrude on others

-start conversations at inappropriate times

-accidents (knocking over objects or banging into people)

-risky behaviour without thing of consequences

-difficulty resisting temptation Showing these signs and symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has ADHD. Many other factors such as illness or death in the family, a new family member (baby), divorce, moving, or family crisis can and do cause ADHD like symptoms. A professional should diagnose ADHD. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a condition that affects millions of children and often persists into adulthood. Boys and girls, men and women are equally likely to have ADHD, but boys and men are three times more likely to be diagnosed.

Getting a diagnosis

Parents, childcare providers or teachers may suspect that a child has ADHD, but it is important to get a proper diagnosis. First parents should find a professional (child psychologist, physician or clinical social worker), who is very familiar with ADHD. It is important to make sure that this person has the proper certifications, accreditations or licenses required to diagnose a person with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Another consideration to make is whether the professional accepts your medical insurance (OHIP), or do you have to pay out of your pocket. If they do not accept your medical coverage, and you are still interested in working with that particular professional, you can contact your insurance company to see if they will partially pay to cover "out-of-network" expenses. It is important to meet with the professional and make sure you and your child are comfortable with him or her and that you feel your child is safe in their care. The professional should be interested in your input. Parents know their child best and medical professional should value your opinions. After you have chosen your professional they will probably start with a parent interview. A comprehensive assessment of behaviours will be compiled and considered. Other family members, teachers, and other educational professionals may be interviewed as well. The child will also be interviewed. Young childen may be observed while playing or interacting with others. Older children may be given a series of tests. Professionals check for behaviours that are not typical for the person's age and have a negative impact on the person's ability to function. The person must consistently display symptoms for 6 months. If no extenuating circumstances (stressful situations, problems at home/school, or the onset of puberty) exist the child may be diagnosed as having ADHD. This diagnosis will be based on the interviews, observations, and tests. A more thorough assessment should take place determining what types of ADHD behaviours the child displays. The professional may also determine if the child is displaying any other issues, such as hyperactivity, anger, conduct disorder, depression, or learning disorders that accompany their ADHD. A complete diagnosis can be determined and an action plan for treatment can be made.

What causes ADHD?

The exact cause of ADHD is not known. Research shows that genetics are most likely involved. Brain scans and studies show that there are differences between individuals' brains that have ADHD and those that do not. Studies suggest that diet and exposure to toxic substances (fetal exposure to tobacco products, alcohol, pesticides, drugs, prescription medication and lead) may play a role in acquiring or aggravating ADHD.

* "ADHD is a lifelong brain chemistry imbalance disorder. The exact cause of which is not currently known. Many good medications help to control symptoms and these work best if partnered with behavioral therapies. Although, ADHD is lifelong, many people outgrow the disorder or learn behaviors that help them compensate enough to be successful in their chosen life pursuits. Families who are suffering from the effects of living with a child who has ADHD should seek professional family counseling. The most important thing to know and remember about the person with ADHD is that he or she is not behaving badly; they are not lazy and should not be labeled in such a way. They are suffering from a disorder that does not give them the ability to always control their behavior."

How to help your child

Parents can help their child with ADHD learn and reach their full potential, in many different ways. First it is important to help your child understand that having ADHD is not their fault.

Parents can provide a calm, predictable environment at home. It is important to diffuse a child's frustration or anger and not to engage. Parents should eliminate distractions at homework time. If a child has siblings or pets, they should remain in a different area (i.e., outside) while the student with ADHD is doing their homework. The homework area should be free of electronics when not needed for their assignments. Parents should keep an eye on their child, while they are doing their homework. This can be done by sitting at the same table and doing their own "work", (i.e., balancing their bankbook). Parents should not do the work for the child, they should only guide and assist as needed.

Structure is very important for children with ADHD. Parents can provide star charts or sticker books for young children and calendars and planners for older students. It is important to do homework and projects as soon as assigned and not leave work to the last minute. Set sensible routines and clear rules. This will help reduce disorganization. Some privileges may only be obtained by successful completion of assignments. Parents should refrain from threatening, setting unreasonable deadlines or punishments, as these contribute to fear, hostility and drama. Positive feedback should be provided. Small frequent praises and encouragement for completed tasks can be very helpful.

Children should be given the opportunity to make wise choices. For example: "Do you want to do your science project or your math homework first?" Children with ADHD require small frequent breaks. Allow them to move around at designated times, throughout their homework/study time.

Advocate for your child with ADHD. Talk with their teachers. Some accommodations may be necessary for your child because of his/her ADHD, but it also important for your child to learn as much as possible to reach their full potential.

Behavioural Techniques

Some behavioural techniques used for children with ADHD are as follows: Organizational Skills: It is important to teach all children to be organized, especially children with ADHD. These children require daily reminders. A structured environment can help them succeed. Items that are required daily should be stored in the same, visible, easy to access place. Children's rooms should be free of clutter and well organized, using shelves, hooks and storage bins. Parents should also provide calendars, daily planners or an "organizer" to keep track of important dates, assignments, and schedules. A Daily Schedule: Children require a consistent daily routine. If possible children should wake up at the same time everyday, eat meals at the same time each day and have a consistent, structured bedtime. Communication Skills: Some children with ADHD will hit, scream, throw things or lash out when they become overwhelmed or emotional. They need to be taught and shown appropriate, alternative methods of dealing with their emotion. Relaxation techniques and verbal communication skills will help children handle their daily life and frustrations in an appropriate manner.

Treatment

* There are several medication options available for treating ADHD. Stimulant drugs have proven most successful, if taken in the correct dose. If the side effects are an issue, then non-stimulant medications are also available. Some people have had success with diet (The Feingold Diet) and homeopathic remedies. Do not assume that "natural" medicines are harmless. They are made from herbs and ingredients that can have a very powerful effect on a person's body. Whichever option you decide upon, be sure that your child always takes the medication is the prescribed dose and report any side effects to your child's medical professional.

Conclusion

People with ADHD may have a multitude of problems at home, school and in society as a whole. A proper diagnosis and action plan will help to start your child on the right track. Medication and behavioural therapies may be helpful in dealing with the effects of ADHD. The most important thing to know and remember about your child with ADHD is that he or she is not behaving badly; they are not lazy and should not be labeled in such a way. They are suffering from a disorder that does not give them the ability to always control their behavior. It is a parent's responsibility to be an advocate for their child, helping him/her to learn and reach their full potential.

* quote taken from the Universal Class course Attention Deficit Disorders: ADD and ADHD